The European Renaissance Essay Example for Free

The European Renaissance Essay The European Renaissance was one of the most important periods of time in all of Western Civilization’s history as many of the cultural, social and philosophical movements that derived from this movement not only greatly effected the people who lived during the time period of the Renaissance, but much of what occurred during this time period still resonates and influences cultures, ideologies and philosophical beliefs to this very day. As such, it becomes critical to examine the European Renaissance so as to understand what it achieved and how it still resonates to the modern era. A significant reason for this is that most arts and sciences build upon one each another in a logical progression. The attitudes of freedom in art, for example, slowly evolved into the more mature themes in art and film that were previously held back due to religious and government censorship. Current advances in science such as stem cell research are not much different than the arguments for and against spontaneous generation in prior centuries. As such, there is still much that exists today that is a logical extension of what was started many years ago. There were several areas of social change that derived from the Renaissance and the most important of these areas included art (painting, sculpture, architecture all evolved into phases that were far removed from what had been considered â€Å"classical† art), humanism (a theory of instilling knowledge that was a radical departure from traditional modes of education), religion (it was during this era that the concept of secularism as a response to classical religion began to take shape) and the philosophical notion of self awareness (this essentially refers to those living during the time period acknowledging the changes that were occurring). These changes were not mere changes within the realm of the elites, however. The changes that occurred in all these phases greatly affect the infrastructure of the western world as a whole and it did so by changing the fabric of the society and this would resonate with the population as a whole with the end result of civilization as a whole radically changing from a classical society that had become stagnant and overly reliant on tradition for its very existence. To a great degree, the scientific community was strongly affected but the knowledge that was derived from the renaissance period. While primitive compared to today’s standards, the concepts and ideas regarding astronomy have greatly impacted the way the modern world operates. For example, the common telescope was invented during the period of the Renaissance and from the telescope the study of the stars and the planets derived. This, of course, has manifested into what is now the modern space age of satellites and explorations to the moon. While this may seem like a â€Å"jump† if one does not look at the complete timeline or progression of such achievements, however, if one were to look at the advent of a number of modern achievements, the achievments can be traced back to the era of the renaissance. Of course no mention of the development of astronomy during the period of the Renaissance without mentioning the great advancements provided by Galileo; of course, Galileo was the inventor of the telescope as well as the man who developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe and this, of course, forever sent science on the path of accuracy that is of paramount importance to subscribe to for scientific theories to remain accurate and relevant in the modern era. In terms of the modern era, it would be doubtful that the great expansion of the space age would exist without the foundations that were devised by Galileo. Considering the fact that the primary principles founded by Galileo have not been discarded or altered, it would be safe to say that their accuracy is irrefutable and, as such, still permeate in the sciences today. The American and European political institutions of the modern are also heavily reliant upon theories and ideologies of political thought that derive from the Renaissance period. In particular, the module of â€Å"classical liberalism† still manages to affect political thought in the modern western world today. (Please note: there are significant differences between classical liberalism and the modern version, although there are certain similarities between the two) For example, consider the classic renaissance thinker Voltaire and his famous statement â€Å"I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. This is clearly a contributing influence on the notion of freedom of speech to this day. In fact, in can be seen in the Constitution of the United States, a document which often used the common wisdom of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment as a guiding principle in the modern political theory of the United States. There are a number of examples of how events from the Renaissance shape modern cultural, social and political life and this can be seen in the following four examples: Skepticism: the notion of self awareness led greatly to the concept of questioning traditional norms and beliefs. From this, a number of examples can be put forth but one of the most prevalent in the news these days is the modern atheism movement, much of which derives its origins from the thought process of the Renaissance period. (Skepticism can be seen today in much of the modern political discourse that forces both parties to the center) Secularism: some confuse the notion of secularism with atheism and this is an inaccurate assessment. In reality, secularism simply means that religious law does not provide the basis for the supreme law of the land. In a secular society such as Europe and to varying extents, the United States, the law derives from secular origins and not from religious rule. Modern Art: While some would say that the Pop Art as devised by Andy Warhol is far removed from the Renaissance, the reality is that it, along with many different forms of modern art, derives from the changing concepts of art that originated in the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance, there was a significant shift away from art that centered on traditional images of â€Å"gods and kings† and this deviation from the classical module still exists to this day. Psychology: The field of psychology is also based in the concept of self-awareness that originated during the Renaissance period. Much of what exists in modern psychology centers on understanding oneself, the world and one’s surroundings and this was a notion that was born of the renaissance that still exists to this very day. The notion of looking inward, for example, as opposed to gods and mystics for enlightenment is the hallmark of modern psychology and looking inward as opposed to external structures is what is commonplace today in modern American pop culture and psychology and its origins are found in the Renaissance. To that extent, much of what exists in the United States today and well as the Western World in general is an extension of the success of the models of thought of the Renaissance. The perpetual extension of these modules of thought speak volumes for their accuracy.

Revenge and Violence in Cassandra :: Cassandra Essays

Revenge and Violence in Cassandra   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In "Mycenae Lookout," Seamus Heaney tells the story of Agamemnon, Clytemnestra and Cassandra after the Trojan war. "Cassandra" is the second part of "Mycenae Lookout" and chronicles Cassandra, Apollo's ill-fated prophetess, who is captured by Agamemnon at the war's end and brought back to Mycenae as a slave. The fates of Cassandra and the House of Atreus collide with Agamemnon's return to Mycenae, where his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus plot his murder.   Aegisthus and Clytemnestra both seek revenge: Clytemnestra for her daughter's sacrifice and Aegisthus for the overthrow of his father and the sins of Agamemnon's father Atreus, of which Aegisthus was the only survivor. While Heaney probably drew from many classical sources for his poem, the section entitled "Cassandra" seems especially drawn from Aeschylus' play Agamemnon. Heaney compresses the events of Agamemnon into a mere 64 lines but still retains, partially through uses of the binaries w hich are contained in the play, the classic and timeless story of revenge and a violent vicious circle.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Cassandra" begins with Cassandra's description. She is described as a prisoner of war might look, "soiled" (4), "devastated" (6-7) and "camp-fucked" (12), rather than marble smooth and serene, as one might expect a classical Greek figure to appear. Heaney focuses on her appearance and describes her clothing, "her little breasts" and the state of her head in lines four through ten. It is not until he gets to line 11, though, that he comments on what may have happened to her as a prisoner of the Trojan War. "Camp-fucked," with its feel of sexual violence, implies that, along with physical abuse and enslavement, Cassandra has endured rape as well (12). In lines eight through thirteen, Heaney chooses words, such as "punk," "char-eyed" and "gawk" to illustrate succinctly Cassandra's position in the House of Atreus: she is an alien, traumatized by the destruction she has witnessed and stunned to awkwardness by her descent from princess of Troy to slave of Myc enae.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker says, "People / could feel / a missed / trueness" in Cassandra (14-17). This paragraph comes to a point with the word "focus," which is used as a verb.

A Garden Lover in my family Essay

It gives me immense pleasure to talk about a garden lover in my family. As we all know gardening is a creative activity in which nature is made to order. Garden provides inexhaustible sources for paintings and poems all over the world and it is a home for many species of birds and flies which lend charm to the verdant looks of the garden. The heartening sounds of birds distract us from the monotonous regimen of our daily lives. My father is a garden lover. He devotes his leisure time in gardening. I think it is natural in human that he likes gardens. After all the first man Adam and first woman hawa ever lived in the garden of Eden. He has a piece of plot to practice and pursue gardening. There he has varieties of crops and vegetables and a couple of fruit trees. The vegetables include spinach, bitter guard, chillies, tomato, lady’s finger, cucumber etc. Also there are roses, jasmine which turn the garden into a rich feast of colors to eyes. The fruit trees include mango, bana na and guava. Many birds visit the garden and some lives there. Gardening keeps him physically fit, mentally alert and fresh. The air here is fresh, fragrant and invigorating. The atmosphere is quiet’ calm and soothing. Gardening involves digging, weeding, cutting, grafting, watering, maturing and tilling of the soil. These activities give him sufficient physical exercise to keep me bodily fit and mentally alert. Many of our friends and relatives appreciate his hobby and skills in it. Moreover we help him in maintain the garden during our spare time. Plants are as sensitive as we human beings are. They react to our actions of love, affection or cruelty. But one requires a very sensitive heart and acute senses to understand their language. He never feels lonely, sad, unemployed or bored because of his hobby. Plants, flowers, birds and butterflies give us a pleasant and delightful company. We feel amidst them very happy and fortunate. There are beauty, pleasure, education and instructions in their company. Sometimes, he seeks help and advice from a gardener as well. He spends all his pocket money in purchasing seeds, manure, fertilizer, gardening implements or books on gardening. He never misses a program on gardening if it is there on the television. He also visit flower-shows, vegetable and fruit exhibitions. The delight he derives from gardening helps him a lot in concentrating on his working. He feels more close to nature and  God when he is in his garden. To him gardening is like a prayer. It inspires his imagination and gives him noble thoughts. We are nearer God when we are in the garden because in the garden there are peace, calmness, beauty, pleasure, colors, coolness, purity and leisure. And these are some of the qualities closely associated with God.

Machiavelli on Religion Essay - 2299 Words

Niccolà ² Machiavelli thoroughly discusses the importance of religion in the formation and maintenance of political authority in his famous works, The Prince and The Discourses. In his writing on religion, he states that religion is beneficiary in the formation of political authority and political leaders must support and endorse religion in order to maintain power. However, Machiavelli also critiques corrupt religious institutions that become involved in politics and in turn, cause corruption in the citizenry and divisions among the state. In the following essay, I will examine Machiavellis analysis of religion and discuss the relationship between religion and politics in Machiavellis thought. It is important to establish from the†¦show more content†¦Among the praiseworthy deeds of Hannibal is counted this: that, having a very large army, made up of all kinds of men, which he commanded in foreign lands, there never arose the slightest dissention, neither among themselv es nor against their princes, both during his good and bad fortune. (The Prince Chapter XVII) On the other hand, he gives credit to Scipio for being an extraordinary man but states that Scipio gave his men more liberty than military discipline should allow and his own men rebelled against him. His tolerant nature allowed the wrongdoing of the Locrians to go uncorrected adding to his reputation as a leader who only knew how not to harm his people, but didnt know how to prevent them from harm either. This brings my analysis to the subject of religion and its relationship with political authority. Machiavelli feels religion is a double edged sword where an excess of it in government is harmful but the appearance that it is part of government is not only beneficiary, but necessary. Machiavelli writes that a political leader, Â…should appear, upon seeing and hearing him, to be all mercy, all faithfulness, all integrity, all religion. And there is nothing more necessary than to seem to possess this last quality. (The Prince Chapter XVIII) Machiavellis argument centers arou nd his assertion that having all these qualities and employing them at all times is harmful because a leader often has to resort to contradictory measures in order toShow MoreRelatedThe Prince And Discourse On Livy900 Words   |  4 PagesLivy, Machiavelli meticulously discusses the importance of religion in the formation and maintaining a political order. Machiavelli regards religion as a political tool used by political elites for political purposes. He argues that the appearance of religion is good while the practice of it is harmful. One of the memorable passage from the Prince that supports Machiavelli’s claim is when he advices the prince to not to be good, and the prince should cultivate the appearance of the religion if heRead MoreSigmund Freud And Machiavellis Role Of Religion And Society1368 Words   |  6 Pagesfrequently associate religions with them. The United States is mostly Christian. North African countries are overwhelming Muslim (â€Å"Global†). A cross the world, the number of religions possibly reaches the thousands due to various sects and circumstances. When analyzing religion, each example has different origins, but a general understanding of religion is necessary, and an interesting relationship between religion and society will appear. While one cannot define every known religion in a concise, comprehensiveRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Machiavellis Ideas on Power with Karl Marxs Ideas on Money1155 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: Two Word Count: 1000 Karl Marx and Niccolo Machiavelli are interested in two completely different forms of government. Yet both philosophers share many of the same key terms. They both understand the power and importance of deceit, and how it is gained. They also are equally opinionated when it comes to the subject of property and money. This essay will seek to explain, compare, and contrast Machiavelli’s ideas on power with Karl Marx’s ideas on Money. Marx believes that moneyRead MoreHow Machiavelli Takes The Religious Values Of The Current Time Period1545 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli spends a great deal of time talking about the need of religion in establishing and maintaining political authority. He tells us that religion can be a tool in establishing political authority and if it receives support from the political leaders, then authoritative power can be maintained. While he recognizes the driving power behind this, he differentiates between religion that can serve and religion that can corrupt the system. With corrupting influences, the citizens could potentiallyRead More Machiavelli Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesMAJOR THEME Machiavelli had a true and abiding love for Florence. He wanted to make Florence great and also find himself a job, as he lost his when the Medici family came into power. He dedicated his book on political science, The Prince, to Lorenzo Medici in the hopes that Lorenzo would be impressed and offer him a job. However, Lorenzo ignored the book and Machiavelli. The Prince is a didactic examination of political power, how to achieve it, maintain it, and expand it. Machiavelli does not takeRead MoreThe Relationship Between Machiavelli And Machiavelli s The Prince1075 Words   |  5 Pagesand turmoil, philosophers are able to give their critiques on government and human nature as a whole. Socrates and Machiavelli, both philosophers in what it means to be a proper leader and the role of the people within a society, share contrasting views. Machiavelli, alive during the time of great political turmoil in Italy, is immortalized through his writings in The Prince. Machiavelli was able to use what the political shortcomings he witnesses during his time period as a guide to deciphering theRead MoreMachiavelli And Humanism930 Words   |  4 Pagesrepublic. Machiavelli argues that people, particularly political leaders, should have flexible moral codes so that they can bend them when necessary. For him, betraying allies or betraying one’s own beliefs is acceptable, even beneficial, because it aids in making tough political decisions to maintain power. Machiavelli would not feel the need to fully align with one societal group, like Dante did with the White Guelphs or More did with Catholicism. Rather, he would see both groups, and religion in generalRead MoreThe Source of a Princes Happiness and Misery in Augustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship and Machiavelis The Prince1459 Words   |  6 Pagesprince should rule contrast with Niccolo Machiavelli’s described The Prince. Augustine breaks down the true source of a prince’s happiness as revolving around God while Machiavelli focuses on the prince’s material lusts. In On Kingship, Aquinas describes the sources of a prince’s misery being suspicion, jealousy and lust. Machiavelli disagrees, saying those emotions makes a prince happy. Augustine talks about a prince’s happiness in book 5 chapter 24 in the City of God. He states five goals that doRead MoreThe Different Types Of Government868 Words   |  4 PagesThe three different types of government in this text are very different. The first of the governments with Niccolo Machiavelli did not believe a divine rule. The second one with Thomas Hobs believed that there was some type of divine rule. The third had Niccolo Machiavelli, he was a Florentine statesman and a political theorist, which is â€Å"someone who engages in a constricting or evaluating political theory and is used to describe and evaluate political events and institutions.† (DictionaryRead MoreThe Ideal Ruler Of Kant s Ruler1070 Words   |  5 Pagescenturies and is still asked today. In 1516, Niccolà ² Machiavelli attempted to answer this question in his work The Prince(Machiavelli 8). Centuries later a different view of an ideal ruler was proposed by an Enlightenment writer, Immanuel Kant. Although Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Immanuel Kant lived 250 years apart, both views have advantages and disadvantages in leading a country, Kant s ruler is a early model of a democratic ruler while Machiavelli s ruler was an ideal model for a absolute monarch

Using the Spanish Verb Deber

The Spanish verb deber is quite common and can be used to express obligation or that something that is likely.   Key Takeaways: Using the Spanish Verb 'Deber' The everyday verb deber is most often used to express that someone has a debt or is obligated to do something.The phrase deber de can be used to indicate that something is highly probable.In the preterite, deber is used to indicate that something should have been done. Expressing Obligation When used in this way, deber is frequently similar in meaning to the English must, should, or ought: Debes estudiar tus lecciones. (You ought to study your lessons.) ¿Quà © carro debo comprar? (Which car should I buy?)Alguien deberà ¡ hablar de todo esto. (Someone will have to talk about all this.)No debe dormirse despuà ©s de comer. (He shouldnt go to sleep after eating.) The tone of deber to express obligation can be softened by using the conditional form instead of the present tense, although the difference isnt always translatable. When telling someone what he or she should be doing, using the conditional can come across as more polite: No deberà ­as abrir un blog si vas a hablar de temas personales. (You shouldnt start a blog if youre going to talk about personal subjects.)La Fuerza Aerea deberà ­a comprar mejores aviones de combate. (The Air Force should buy better combat planes.)Hay 25 libros que deberà ­amos leer antes de cumplir los 30. (There are 25 books we should read before we reach our 30s.) Expressing a Debt When used with a noun direct object, deber can usually be translated as owe. No me debes nada. (You dont owe me anything.)El gobierno le debe mà ¡s de $3 millones a mi madre. (The government owes my mother more than $3 million.)Siempre te voy a deber el haberme levantado cuando tan abajo estaba. (I am always going to owe you for having lifted me up when I was so low.) Expressing Strong Probability The phrase debes de is used to refer to a strong likelihood. In such cases, it is often the equivalent of the English must when must isnt used to express obligation: No debiste de firmar nada. (You must not have signed anything.)Debo de ser anormal. (I must be abnormal.)Deben de estar en buena condicià ³n. (In all likelihood, they are in good condition.) It is very common in some areas, especially in speech, to drop the de in sentences such as those above. However, out of context, doing so would make the sentences ambiguous. Thus while ​debà ­as de verme can mean only you must have seen me, debà ­as verme can mean either you must have seen me or you ought to have seen me. In that case, you would need to know the context to understand what was meant. On occasion, in some regions, you may hear deber de to express obligation. However, this usage is frowned upon by grammarians and should not be imitated if you are learning the language. Using Deber in the Preterite In the preterite tense, the rough equivalent of the simple past tense in English, deber can be used to indicate that something should have been done. Son las palabras que no debiste decir. (They are the words you shouldnt have said.)Pedro debià ³ pedir disculpas a sus empleados tras la difusià ³n del video. (Pedro should have asked for forgiveness from his employees after the video was broadcast.)Debà ­ ver que esto iba a ocurrir. (I should have seen that this was going to happen.) Phrases Using Deber These are among the common phrases using deber: Deberse a (owing to, due to): El aumento de las enfermedades crà ³nicas se debe a nuestro estilo de vida. (The increase in chronic illness is due to our lifestyle.)Cumplir con su deber (to do or fulfill ones duty): Complà ­ con mi deber de votar. (I fulfilled my duty to vote.)No deberse a nadie (to be answerable to nobody): El presidente no se debe a nadie — salvo a todos los ciudadanos de todos y cada uno de los estados. (The president isnt answerable to anyone — except for all the citizens of each and every one of the states.)Sentido del deber (sense of duty): No puedes decir que me falta el sentido del deber. (You cant say I lack a sense of duty.)

Testing Conditioning Methods Through Sniffy Simulation

Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation Amir Ayoub Fordham University Abstract This lab tests different forms of conditioning on a virtual rat named Sniffy. In this experiment we began with the virtual rat completely unconditioned and then worked towards getting Sniffy to pull the lever and get food on his own. We went through many steps to complete this task starting with getting Sniffy to notice the food chamber, the lever, and finally having Sniffy realize he can obtain food whenever he wanted by pressing the lever. Then, pushing it further, we made him press the level two, three, four and then five times to receive one pellet. All of these steps tested the idea that receiving the food as a reward will allow Sniffy to realize the benefits of learning and conditioning himself to do things that have a positive outcome more. Testing Conditioning Methods through Sniffy Simulation This lab is focused on the ideas of classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response. In time this turns the neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus that causes a conditioned response. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior and encourages associating desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors. The most famous research on this would be

Case Study & Analysis of Nigeria Tourism Branding Strategies

Question: Case Study Global tourism has experienced tremendous growth over the last half century. In an effort to benefit from the much needed income from tourism, many tourism destinations have resulted to adopting differentiation strategies in order to achieve a unique position in a very competitive global market. Select one tourism destination of your choice as your case study and critically analyse how destination branding strategies can help the chosen destination to achieve competitive advantage. Answer: Executive Summary Nigeria tourism is a great example of tourism and travel strategies. It has turned its negative image due to various unethical activities like corruption and terrorist into the more positive image, where currently most of the people around the world like to visit. Nigerian tourism Development Corporation is the organization which manages all the tourism related activities in Nigeria. Various other organizations are helping Nigeria regarding this. This report is about the emerging of Nigeria as a nation brand and what type of strategy is used by the Nigerian leaders to make it as a positive nation brand. Nigerian Leaders have developed various programs for the development of Nigerian tourism, wherein, various programs are criticized by the people but various others are praised also (Awaritefe, 2004). Lagos was the first international tourist of Nigeria who came to Nigeria in 1472 with his Portuguese merchants in search of trade and business. Many years ago, Caravan and Trans-Saharan movements also helped Nigeria to attract people from around the world as visitors. After that Nigerian tourist industry started growing with time. Various ups and downs have been seen by Nigeria due to wars and terrorist activities but currently it has a stable brand image globally. Introduction Tourism places in Nigeria become a center point for its population in some special events like Yoruba goddess temple, and Osun-Osogbo in Oshun (Awaritefe, 2004). In Nigeria, some natural places like waterfalls, savannah, rain forest and many more are also popular as tourist place and these places attract the tourists by its beauty and the environmental peace. Bad water quality, roads and poor electricity are the points which this industry has to suffer. A Nigerian government ministry, National and Tourism Orientation, and The Cultural ministry have controlled and regulated the industry of tourism. In 2004, the Pageant of Miss Tourism Nigeria, a beauty pageant, was commenced to increase the profile of tourism sector of the country. The winners in 2006, 2005, and 2004 have been respectively, Gloria Zirigbe, Abigali Longe and Shirley Aghotse (Esu Arrey, 02009). Thus, this report is a case study of Nigeria. It basically discusses about the brand strategy of Nigeria which helped it to change its image from negative to more positive. Literature review in this report provides a basic theory about the image of Nigeria around the world and the type of strategy is used by the Nigeria to make it as a strong nation brand (Olorunfemi, Raheem, 2008). Literature Review Tourists in Nigeria are attracted by many cultural celebrations and festivals (such as festivals in the north Nigeria durbar) and the national park of the nation (such as national parks of cross river and Yankari) and many geographical sites like Abuja and Aso Rock). In Taraba State, the Mambilla Plateau is the most fantastic tourist zone. This place was recognized as the Crown jewel of tourism of Nigeria on 15th August in 2012 (Fajuyigbe, Balgun, Obembe, 2007). According to the estimates, Tourism Council and the World Travel, the revenue of Nigeria tourism is increased by 10 billion $USD, in 2007. Figure 1: National Branding Strategy of Nigeria The mission of Nigerian Tourism Corporation is the nations philosophy, a lasting declaration of country intention. The vision is the prospect way for the brand, its prospect status and role (Roll, 2007). Nigeria brand vision may be to make its perceptual image / position better, reinforce the countrys financial performance in terms of tourism, inward investment and exports, and to the creation of Nigeria as a world class contented superpower. The significance of municipal insight audit cant be overemphasized in efficient nation branding. Insight audit involves wide desk investigation, thorough interviews with the Nigerian journalists, entrepreneurs and opinion and political leaders, center group session with business people of non-Nigerian and Nigerian community and a complete audit of countrys obtainable image, telephone interviews within tourists of Nigeria and an additional interviews with importers, investors and tourists in target countries, squad contribution in numerous conferences and public panels on nationwide identity and lastly, input from civil society, private and public officials, researchers, marketing professionals, designers and artists (Awaritefe, 2003). Quality of tourism in Nigeria, providing peaceful and fresh atmosphere to tourists, making Nigeria a resourceful place of study, providing quality products related to Nigerian culture, reducing dirt and pollution, making international relations, improve Nigeria as tourism brand image promotion of food and fashion of Nigeria, and increasing national gross income are the major goals that Nigerian tourism corporation want to achieve in the next five years. The external and internal strategies used by the corporate companies can also be relevant to nation brands with adjustments. By means of diffusion approach, market development, joint venture-co-branding by two countries (Aakar, 1996; Dinnie, 2008), conglomerate diversification (development of inward investment and exports) or conglomerate diversification made by the Nigeria brand team. By making its segmentation strategy and brand scope (Adora, 2010). The consciousness of Nigeria has enhanced towards its image that is impacting the world. Various initiatives have been taken by the Nigerian govt. in this direction which resulted into the change of negative brand image to positive brand image of Nigeria. Purchasing costly advertisement, hosting sporting events, hiring foreign public relations firms and catchy slogans can be used in the countrys tourism brand management system. Mainly problems come when it comes to the cost related to implementation and management but various examples like Nigerian tourism proved that there is no need of expensive campaigns for national brand initiative. Nigeria used its film industry, Nollywood as a core part of its tourism branding strategy. Nollywood is playing an important role in building positive tourism brand image around the world (Karatepe, Aleshinloye, 2009). Due to Human right abuse which was extended period of dictatorship, the image of Nigeria has been tainted over the years. Various terrorist activities, failed international events, the role of Farouk Abdulmutalib in 419 internet scams had ruined the image of Nigeria. Thus, Nigeria has faced the results of negative image internationally for many years. According to Brach (2010), Nigeria initiated managing its brand image since 1966 under the guidance of 3R program, reconstruction, rehabilitation and reconciliation. This program was initiated by the former head of state Yakubu Gowon (Eja Ushie, 2009). War Against indiscipline (WAI) and mass mobilization for self-reliance (MAMSER) were subsequent initiatives of this program. WAI was initiated in 1983 to establish the moral codes. MAMSER was initiated in 2004 to embark on the image of Nigeria. This project was spearheaded by Ministry of national orientation and information under the former president Ofusegan Obasanjo administration. Hea rt of Africa campaign in 2005 was launched by the project with the cost of USD 5.6 million. The goal of the campaign was to change the image of Nigeria outside its borders. For this, Nigerian government has identified that first it is necessary to create feeling of pride in the citizens of Nigeria for their country. Various initiatives by Nigerian govt. has faced harsh criticism due to various reasons over the years. Due to at time foreign to the Nigerian, time consuming and being costly, these have been disparaged. The overseas project HOA gained the fame for being elitist and foreign (Karatepe, Magaji, 2008). This program was criticized for its too much similarity with the Malawis foreign tourism brands slogan Warm heart of Africa. Additionally, the citizens of Nigeria were not allowed to participate in the campaign. As the brand owner, a collective activity is not conceived by it and internal citizen stakeholders are not focus point for it. New branding strategies were seeking in Nigeria due to these reasons. The focus point of those new strategies is to include the national citizens. In 2009, Rebranding Nigeria project was launched by Dora Akunyili, the slogan of that project was Nigeria- Great Nation Good People. Dora Akunyili is the minister of information in former Nigeria (Mustapha, 2001). The reputation managements latest attempt is also criticized like the previous campaigns. Nollywood, the film industry of Nigeria, has potential to influence the tourism brand and reputation of Nigeria. Almost in a year, 2000 films and more are produced by Nollywood according to its volume and global reach testifying. In the world, the second largest industry in film industry is Nollywood according to this fact. DVD, satellite televisions and theaters are the way to distribute the Nollywood movies around the world. The African continent is also like the movies of Nollywood (Rao, Suresh, 2001). Nollywood movies have gained popularity in America also over the last 10 years. Movies of Nollywood are also popular in Latin country of Guyana. Further, the people from British colonies are also getting entertained from the Nigerian movies. Thus, the Nollywood movies are getting famous in all over the world and popularizing the scenes and cultures of Nigeria which is attracting people and creating positive image about Nigerian tourism (Ghimire, 2001). According to a recent report by Euromonitor, Nigerias film industry has helped to change stereotypes about Nigeria by highlighting its culture, norms, creativity and hospitality. (34). In doing so, it has influenced the willingness for potential travellers to travel to Nigeria, by attracting domestic and continental tourists. Many of these tourists have been visiting film shooting locations in cities like Lagos. African tourists arrivals to Nigeria are expected to increase over the next few years, driven by expanding economies throughout Africa. In response, Nollywood has encouraged this type of tourism through reinvesting in tourist-friendly production facilities (Karatepe, 2011). According to the latest Euromoniters report, stereotypes about Nigeria have changed by focusing its hospitality, creativity, norms, and culture, it was a big help to Nigeria by its film industry. By this, it attracts the potential travelers to travel in Nigeria. Various tourists visit Nigeria to watch their film shooting locations like Logos. According to the expectations of Nigerian Tourism Corporation, the African tourists are going to increase in next few years in Nigeria, the same report is also published by the African economists. Hollywood is actively participating in this type of tourisms by providing tourist friendly production facility to the tourists (Bankle, Odularu, 2006). Discussion and Analysis In 1962, The Nigerian Tourist Association (NTA) was established by the government. National Tourist Association works to promote international and domestic tourism in the Nation. In 1976, National Tourism Association was dissolved due to some reasons and its place is taken by the NTB which stands for Nigerian Tourism Board (Akpabio, Eniang, Egwalli, 2008). In 1990, the sub sectors got a boost in its development, this happened because the ministry of Industry and Trade was created, and now National Tourism board is considered as corporation. By generating foreign exchange, great potentials are achieved by the significance of tourism, for example in 1987, 328906 tourists arrived and N1.1 billon was earned by the Nigerian tourism according to the Central Bank of Nigeria. It was expected that N53 billon can be earned by this industry by the year 2000 and that amount can be increased by the year 2005. This could be possible in the country by stabilizing democratic distention (Soremekumn, 1999). Various attractive tourist locations are available in Nigeria, but the dark part is that only few of them are currently active. When the Nigerian tourism will be fully developed, it will be a great source of opportunity for Nigeria and can earn great revenue from this business, till now almost all the active tourist places are creating great impact on the global tourists (Olokesusi, 1990). Federal Airports authority of Nigeria (FAAN), National population commission (NPC), Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS), The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), National Bureau of Statistics are the active agencies that are included in the direction of development of tourism in related activities and Nigeria (Ajayi, 1972). But the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation is the agency which is the key agency whose responsibility is to collect data and produce various facilities for the visitors. In the past years the government of Nigeria didnt understand the importance of travel and tourism for a country, but now it has realized the importance of travel and tourism as the national economys strategic sector. A new brand is created by the NTDC (Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation), that brand is Fascinating Nigeria; its aim is to make well developing industries to those industries which are struggling. With time, the aim of that brand is changed and now the aim is to contribute towards the nation by the help of tourism and travel industries. For more increment in tourism and travel the NTDC includes joining the ICTP (International Coalition of Tourism Partners). To increase the growth of tourism and travel industry, some new technology exploded to increase the facilities by Nigeria. A new kind of visa card, for the tourists, is launched so the problems, that are related to carry cash while travelling, can be decreased. To reduce the fraudulent activities, a new type of biometric registration is created for the industrys workers. That facility is especially made for the hospitality sector. These facilities are just not to boost the industry of travel and tourism, but also to make best practices and global standards for the industries of Nigeria. Africas booming economics has presented a potential growth in the international hotel chains but now Nigeria was also in this battle. Due to the growing demand and oil-rich company, top international hotels are established that footholds in Nigeria like Best Western, Marriot, Hilton, Radisson Blu, and Sheraton are the hotels which already established there. These hotels are interested to expand their property in the country. The biggest quality of Nigeria is its hospitality, so by this it has become an attractive place for hotel investors. Domestic tourism and travel development has prioritized by NTDC in Nigeria in a boost growth of travel and tourism industry. Maintainance and revenues of tourism and travel is already potentially grown in the country. For sports events, religion reasons, cultural events, leisure and business, 15 % of its population travel domestically. Stakeholders are being mobilized by Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation in the private sectors. Cultural activities are also encouraged by NTDC as a base for packaging and branding of domestic tourism and travel products. To provide facility to travel around the world to the local customers, the NDTC plans to create sea and land transportation hubs. Allover, Nigerian tourism has developed as the nation brand around the world with its tremendous efforts and various programs. According to a research it is found that Nigerian Tourism contributes 2.5% of the revenue of the total revenue of the country. Nigerian tours and travels have also enhanced the job opportunities for the people of Nigeria. Nearly 8, 50,000 people i.e. 1.3% of the total population of Nigeria are employed in the tourism of Nigeria (Ekechukwu, 1990). Thus, Nigeria has developed itself as a global brand and become very famous around the world. Conclusion Currently Nigeria is very famous as a tourism site but the situation was a bit different few years ago. The reputation of Nigeria was very down due to corruption, terrorism and various other activities, but Nigerian leaders has made proper strategies and proper efforts to make Nigeria as a nation brand around the world. The branding strategy of Nigeria was praised around the world. Nigeria used the above defined framework for making Nigeria a tourism brand. Moreover, national leaders of Nigeria have initiated various programs in this direction which enhanced the position of country around the world. Nigeria used its film industry Nollywood to advertise the tourism of Nigeria globally. The movies from Nigeria is getting watched in various countries around the world. Recommendation Many big actors must unanimously come together in the industry of tourism to target business and market strategy to achieve their goals. A play ground level should be built for the actors to be a participant in the branding process; this level is not for the biggest companies to be hijacked in the industry which can have a brand architecture and identity. The members should develop a consistent message over time such as brands content, like basic message, needs and value, consented by the need. A process can be designed by the tourist board, by that process it should imbued the travel agencies and tourists centers employees with the value of good organization, honesty and friendliness. The tourism boards personality and the Nigerian brand should have allegiance between them. Education is another sector by which Nigeria can attract the people from outside countries. For this Nigeria has to make itself an education brand around the world like UK. UK has launched its website www.uk.universities.ac.uk to make it as an education brand. All the activities related to this program are managed by the Department of International development of the British council. The purpose of this website was to create awareness in the people about the best universities in the UK globally so that students from foreign countries can come to UK for study purpose. References Awaritefe, O. (2004). Motivation and other considerations in tourist destination choice: a case study of Nigeria. Tourism Geographies, 6(3),p. 303-330. Awaritefe, O. D. (2004). Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3),p. 264-281. Esu, B. B., Arrey, V. M. E. (2009). 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